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Intriguingly, one-third of male centenarians were in this category, compared with only 15 per cent of women. The final 20 per cent were 'escapers', who reached their century with no sign of the most common chronic diseases. Another 40 per cent were 'survivors', who suffered from chronic diseases before the age of 80 but lived longer to tell the tale. About 40 per cent were 'delayers', who avoided chronic diseases until after the age of 80. She found that those who achieve extreme longevity tend to fall into three categories. Jessica Even of Ohio State University examined the medical histories of over 400 centenarians.

Not all the oldest old survive by delaying illness or disability, though. These range from osteoarthritis to simple loneliness. Of course, people can live independently without being entirely healthy, and it is true that most centenarians suffer from some kind of ailment. Research in China reveals that centenarians and nonagenarians spend fewer days ill and in bed than younger elderly groups. In the MC, Carol Brayne at the University of Cambridge studied 958 people aged over 90, and found that only one-quarter of them were living in accommodation specifically catering for the needs of older people. In 2005, only 166 of the people in Christensen's sample were still alive, but one-third of those were still entirely self-sufficient.Ĭhristensen's optimistic findings are echoed in studies all over the world. Each individual risked becoming more infirm, but the unhealthiest ones passed away at earlier ages, leaving the strongest behind.

Assessing their health over the subsequent decade, he found that the proportion of people who managed to remain independent throughout was constantly around one-third of the total. In 1998 Kare Christensen, at the University of Southern Denmark, contacted every single one of 3600 people born in 1905 who was still alive. One of the most comprehensive studies comes from Denmark. The average supercentenarian had freely gone about their daily life up until the age of 105 or so, some five to ten years longer even than centenarians. And supercentenarians, people aged 110 or over, are even better examples of ageing well. Far from gaining a longer burden of disability, their extra years tend to be healthy ones. It is becoming clear that people who break through the 90-plus barrier represent a physical elite. Yet researchers who study the oldest old have made a surprising discovery that presents a less pessimistic view of the future than many anticipate. Are medical advances artificially prolonging life, with hide regard for the quality of that life? If growing numbers of elderly people become dependent on state or familial support, society faces skyrocketing costs and commitments. These trends raise social, ethical and economic dilemmas. And their ranks are set swell even further, thanks to the ageing baby-boomer generation: by 2030 there will be about a million worldwide. In the UK, the number of centenarians has increased by 60 per cent since the early 20th century. In fact, this imbalance is the fastest growing demographic in much of the developed world. That's remarkable in its own right, but the real 'population explosion' has been among the oldest of the old - the centenarians. If the dictionary file is in the right location and you have read access to the file, most probably the file is corrupted.This year, the number of retired pensioners in the UK exceeded the number of under 18 years old for the first time in history.The dialog box About Dictionary will appear, with the path to the dictionary file at its bottom. To find out the path to the dictionary file, right-click the dictionary icon on the shelf and choose About Dictionary in the dropdown menu. Make sure the dictionary file is located in the right folder and that you have read access.

#Wordbook icon download

If this is a recurrent issue, download the required online dictionaries.

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No Internet connection (only for online dictionaries).A tip will appear, containing the dictionary name and cause of its inaccessibility. To find out the reason why a dictionary is inaccessible, place the pointer on top of the dictionary icon on the bookshelf. If a dictionary icon is gray, this means the dictionary is inaccessibleĪn inaccessible dictionary is not used in translation.